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A musnad is a narration in which its the sanad reaches all the way to the Prophet (peace be upon him) and on first inspection their seems to be no person missing from the sanad.
Allamah Nawawi, in Taqrib1 under Musnad (topic 4), states:
Some define musnad as a narration in which the sanad reaches all the way to the Prophet.
Allm Suyuti 6 notes that this definition is too broad and includes any sanad irrespective if any persons where missing (marfu', mawquf, and maqtu) so long as it quoted the Prophet. Ibn Sabbagh follows suit. What is meant is that [musnad] are sanads that at least is apparently muttasil (without a missing person), hence, it could include sanads which have not apparent missing people such the report of a mudallis7 or person who from a person they could have met but actually did not.
The following sanad8 is given as example of that which is considered musnad despite there there is a being missing person in the reference.
Malik -> Zuhri -> Ibn Abbas -> Rasulullah.
It is deemed musnad because it references to the Prophet. However, it is munqati because Zuhri never met Ibn Abbas. Based on this some have said that a sanad may can be musnad and munqati' (meaning it does not need to be muttasil). Hf. Ibn Hajar points out the flaw that if that is accepted one will have to call mursal9 , mu'dhal10 or munqati'11 narrations musnad also and this is not the case.
This definition of musnad is almost synonymous with marfu'.
Some12 defines musnad as a continuous sanad irrespective if it reaches the Prophet or a source before.
This definition is uncommon and rarely is a sanad which does not reach the Prophet is referred to as a musnad.13
This definition is almost synonymous with muttasil.
Hakim Nishapuri et al. define musnad as a narration where the sanad reaches to the Prophet and there is no person missing in the sanad. In effect a narration where the the sanad is marfu' and muttasil.
Allm. Suyuti states this to be the more correct view.14 Hf. Ibn Hajar Asqalani seems inclined towards this as he states that musnad is more specific than marfu'.
Hakim goes further and disallows even if there is an indirect reference to their being a person missing or if a narrator uses unclear wordings. Allm. Sakhkhawi15 rejects this notion as going too far and allows a sanad being deemed a musnad so long as, in the face of it, it is marfu' and muttasil even if after deeper analysis it is discovered that somebody may be missing.
This definition almost makes musnad a sub type of marfu'
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Further reading
Fath al-Mugith li Sakhawi pp.181-4 v.1
Tadrib al-Rawi li Suyuti ma'a Taqrib al-Nawawi pp. 93-4 v. 1
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#200415501 - Muhammad Saifur Rahman Nawhami